Airspeeds
What do all these numbers — VX, VY, VA, VSO — really mean anyway, and where do they come from? In aviation, speed isn't always about going fast. It's about flying at a velocity that will provide the desired performance and safety. This article provides a comprehensive review of important airspeeds, also known as V speeds (for velocity).

Airspeeds

Collision Avoidance
Collision avoidance, in the air and on the ground, is one of the most basic responsibilities of a pilot operating an aircraft in VFR conditions. During training, you'll be taught to keep your eyes outside the cockpit and look for conflicting traffic — but you may receive little formal instruction on the best ways to visually identify potential collision threats, or in procedures that can lessen their risk of occurring. This publication provides that information.

Collision Avoidance
(Online version)
Collision Avoidance
(PDF version)

Spatial Disorientation
The senses that we humans use to maintain balance and know "which end is up" are completely unreliable when our bodies are in motion without visual reference to the world around us. No amount of training or experience can overcome this physiological limitation. Pilots deprived of visual references while flying can quickly lose control of the aircraft.

Spatial Disorientation
(Online version)
Spatial Disorientation
(PDF version)

Ups and Downs of Takeoffs and Landings
More accidents occur in the takeoff and landing phases of flight than any other. The close proximity to the ground leaves less margin for error. Is the runway long enough? Are there obstructions? What is the density altitude? Is there a crosswind? Do you know when to go around? Some pilots never really master these basics.

Ups and Downs of Takeoffs and Landings
(Online version)
Ups and Downs of Takeoffs and Landings
(PDF version)

The full range of Safety Advisors is available on the AOPA Air Safety Foundation's website.